A defendant is charged with murder. During trial, the judge overhears the defendant mutter, “So what if I did it? There’s not enough proof to convict.” After the judge reports the remark, the prosecutor calls the judge as a witness. Is the judge's testimony admissible?

• A. No, because a presiding judge may not testify as a witness at the trial.
• B. Yes, because the judge's testimony concerns a matter outside the trial record.
• C. Yes, if the defense stipulates.
• D. No, because the judge is disqualified.

Answer: (A)