Which title covenant protects against third-party encumbrances such as easements?

• A. Seisin
• B. Right to convey
• C. Quiet enjoyment
• D. Encumbrances (including easements)

Answer: (D)

The key idea here is how title covenants protect a buyer against surprises in the property’s title. Among the standard covenants in a general warranty deed, the covenant against encumbrances specifically guarantees that there are no encumbrances on the title—such as easements, liens, or other claims—other than those disclosed. This means the grantee won’t be hindered by third-party rights or claims that limit use or value of the property, because any such encumbrances are ruled out unless disclosed at the time of conveyance.

By contrast, seisin is about the grantor actually owning the estate and having the right to convey; the right to convey covers the grantor’s authority to transfer; and quiet enjoyment protects the grantee from disturbances of possession caused by third parties with superior title. But when the question asks specifically about protection against third-party encumbrances like easements, the covenant against encumbrances is the one that directly addresses and guarantees against those encumbrances.